rote/roʊt/ memory死记硬背 is usually counterproductive 反作用.
common/'kɑmən/ sense: 常识
have a habit to make vocab notes.
recalibrate/rɪ’ kælɪbreɪt/ the notes.
[请客吃饭]
let me pay for the bill
this one is on me
let me take care of this one
we talked about it, it’s my treat
next time you take me out for steak
Common Chinese Food
soya milk 豆浆
fried dough/doʊ/ stick 油条
shumai
rice noodle
bao
fried pancake 煎饼
naan/nɑn/
steamed bun/bʌn/ 馒头
soup dumpling: 灌汤包
egg fried rice/raɪs/: 蛋炒饭
congee/'kɑndʒi/ or rice soup 粥
ramen/ramyun(korean)
pot sticker 锅贴
spring roll 春卷
smoked sausage/ˈsɔːsɪdʒ/ 香肠
tofu pudding 豆花
seaweed soup 海带汤
twice-cooked pork 回锅肉
kung pao chicken 宫保鸡丁
Peking/'pi:'kiŋ/ duck 北京烤鸭
spicy tofu 麻婆豆腐
sweet and sour pork 糖醋里脊
stewed chicken with mushroom 小鸡炖蘑菇
pork belly 五花肉
kimchi/'kɪmtʃhi/ 朝鲜泡菜
soft tofu stew 豆腐锅
beef: primarily the cattle meat
stew beef brisket 牛腩
tripe/traɪp/ 金钱肚
abomasum/ˌæbo’mesəm/ 毛肚
large intestine/ɪn’tɛstɪn/ 大肠
seaweed salad 海带丝
dried seaweed 紫菜
sour and spicy shredded/ʃred/ potatos 酸辣土豆丝
lamb/læm/: primary the young sheep
YuXiang, Fish fragant/ˈfreɪɡrənt//flavored pork slice(sliver)/ˈslɪvər/
pistachio/pɪ’stæʃɪo/ 开心果
almond /'ɑmənd/
cashew/'kæʃʊ/
pomegranate/'pɑmɪɡrænɪt/
durian/ˈdʊriən/
mangosteen/'mæŋgə,stin/
dragon fruit
oat/ot/ 燕麦
pea/piː/ 豌豆
sunflower seed
cinnamon/'sɪnəmən/肉桂；肉桂皮
anise/'ænɪs/ 茴
star anise 八角，八角茴香
cumin/ˈkʌmɪn/ 孜然
leechee/'li:tʃi:/
persimmon/pɚ’sɪmən/ 柿子
haw/hɔ/ 山楂
passionfruit 百香果
fig/fɪɡ/ 无花果
snow pea 豌豆
kidney /ˈkɪdni/
vinegar/ˈvɪnɪɡər/
abalone/ˌæbə’loni/ 鲍鱼
roe/roʊ/ 鱼卵,鱼子
longan/'lɔŋɡən/
papaya/pə’paɪə/
sugarcane/ˈʃʊɡɚˌken/
cucumber/ˈkjuːkʌmbər/
konjac 魔芋
beef Tendon/'tɛndən/
dried Goji berry
beet /bit/, sugar beet
chip: french fries
instant coffee
complimentary bverage for visitors
fish fillet/fɪ’le/
swai fish: freshwater fish (vs marine fish), kind of catfish
turbot/'tɝbət/ 大比目鱼
ribbon/ˈrɪbən/ fish; belt fish
seabass/a/ 鲈鱼
pomfret/'pɔmfrit/ fish 鲳鱼
yellow croaker/'krokɚ/ 黄花鱼
tamarind/'tæmərɪnd/酸角
acid/ˈæsɪd/ vs alkali
sauerkraut/'saʊɚkraʊt/: sauerkraut fish
Life
earplug 耳塞
floss/flɔs/ 牙线
eye drops
chapstick
chopstick
lipstick
weight-loss drug
toothpaste
orgasm /'ɔrɡæzəm/
cum/cumming: have an orgasm/'ɔrɡæzəm/
Weather
drizzle/'drɪzl/: light rain
Twitter
parody/ˈpærədi/: an imitation of the style of a particular thing
Market ups and downs
up and down of stock/equity/property market:
up:
the postive earnings report added/inflated 5% to the company’s stock price today
the postive earnings report led to a 5% increase in the company’s stock price today
the company’s stock price rose by 5% following the positive earnings report
the company’s stock price jumped 5% on the back of the positive earnings report
The company’s stock price climbed 5% today thanks to the positive earnings report.
The positive earnings report gave the company’s stock price a 5% boost today.
soared/so/ 5% after the announcement
surged 5%
prices have skyrocketed in recent years
show an upwards trajectory
down:
the box office receipts plummeted/ˈplʌmɪt/ by 23% compared to last year.
S&P 500 slide 2.5%
The negative earnings report caused a 5% decrease in the company’s stock price today.
The company’s stock price declined by 5% today following the disappointing earnings report.
The company’s stock price slumped/ang/,fell,dropped 5% today after the release of the poor earnings report.
rebound
market rally on the good news
the price bounced back after the slump
french tycoon /taɪ’kun/ Louis Vuitton /vi, town/
Mortgage
a mortgage is a type of loan that is specifically used to purchase
real estate, while a loan is a more general term referring to borrowed money
that can be used for various purposes.
If the borrower fails to make the payments, the lender (usually a bank) can take
ownership of the property through a process called foreclosure.
We’re applying for a mortgage to buy our first home.
My monthly mortgage payment includes principal, interest, taxes/ˈtæksiz/, and insurance.
The bank approved our mortgage application.
We’re considering refinancing our mortgage to get a lower interest rate.
Installment
An installment is one of a series of payments made to repay a debt over time.
It’s a common way to pay for large purchases like cars, furniture, or even a
house (through a mortgage). Each installment usually includes a portion of the
principal (the original amount borrowed) and interest.
I’m paying off my car loan/loʊn/ in monthly installments.
The store offers interest-free installment plans for purchases over $500.
The first installment is due at the time of purchase.
We missed an installment on our mortgage and now have a late fee.
reclaim/ei/: recover, obtain the return of sth previously lost, given.
custody/ˈkʌstədi/: protective care
second straight /stret/ day
money laundering
bipartisan: agreement or cooperation of two political parties, bipartisan approval
senator: a member of senate
don’t hear back right away: immediately
legislation: laws
coincide/ˌkoʊɪnˈsaɪd/: occur at or during the same time. publication is timed
to coincide with a major exhibition. n.: by coincidence.
maxmium publicity: attention given by the media
extravagant/ɪkˈstrævəɡənt/: cost too much money
multi-million: millions
leaving … in the dust: outpaces others or leaves them far behind in terms of
progress, quality, or success.
fraudster: a person who commits fraud, especially in business dealings.
self-policing: the process of keeping order or maintaining control within a
community without accountability or reference to an external authority 自我监督
the pandemic exacerbated /ɪɡˈzæsərbeɪt/ the problem.
apprentice /əˈprentɪs/, apprenticeship /əˈprentɪʃɪp/ program: an
arrangement in which someone learns an ari, trade or job under a more experienced person.
concerted action: jointly arranged, planned, or carried out; coordinated.
the US economy is quickly approaching a make or break moment.
the average price is $724 up/down from $654 in 2023.
up 2% from the prior /ˈpraɪər/ year.
signing the bottom line: the final total of an account.
markup is the additional amount added to the cost price to determine the
selling price, while profit is the positive difference between total revenue
and total costs after all expenses have been accounted for.
shopping around and come back: 再看看
even if it’s been a long, exhausting and mentally draining day.
company’s bottom line: net income or profit.
improve people’s livelihood: a means of securing the necessities of life.
the topic of AI is at fever pitch: a state of extreme excitement.
derisk(take steps to make less risky) the portfolios(a range of investments).
reinvigorate /ˌriɪnˈvɪɡəˌret/ the youth /juːθ/ labor force: give new energy
or strength to.
In summary, youth is a more inclusive term that can cover a wider age range
beyond just the teenage years, while teen(teenager) specifically refers to
the age range between 13 and 19.
minor: a person under the age of full legal responsibility.
passed laws rolling back child laber.
keeping industries afloat /əˈfloʊt/ when there are work shortages: out of
debt or difficulty; not sinking.
It’s extremely rough when people can’t recognize they’re being taken advantage of.
insider trading: the illegal practice of trading on the stock exchange to one’s
own advantage through having access to confidential information.
she was convicted(定罪) of the obstruction of justice.
they were prosecuted(起诉) for obstruction of highway.
market manipulation(操纵), manipluate stock: control or influence (a person or
situation) cleverly, unfairly.
smoking gun: a piece of evidence or information that is indisputable proof of a
certain fact or wrongdoing.
2 types of insider trading: classical and misappropriation: dishonestly or
unfairly take.
spokesperson: 发言人, 代言人
white collar crime: non-violent, financially motivated criminal activities that
are typically carried out by individuals, professionals, or organizations in
positions of trust, authority, or respectability.
pump and dump scheme/skiːm/: investment scam that involves artificially
inflating the price of a stock or other financial asset through false or
misleading statements. Once the price has been pumped up, the fraudsters then
“dump” their own holdings of the asset at the inflated price, making a profit,
while other investors who were deceived into buying suffer losses.
meme stock: gain sudden popularity on the internet and lead to sky-high price.
OTC(Over-The-Counter): decentralized market where financial instruments
such as stocks, bonds, derivatives, and other securities are traded directly
between buyers and sellers.
penny stock: often under $1 or $5
penny stock schemer: a person who is involved in making secret or
dishonest plans.
hgih-stakes gambler.
Low-priced securities tend to be volatile/ˈvɑːlətl/ and trade in low volume.
at a particular time: 特定时间
Don’t let fear of missing out control your investment decisions.
in-space manufacturing sounds like science fiction, still a very
nascent/ˈneɪsnt/ market: just coming into existence and beginning to display
signs of future potential.
ISS: International Space Station.
there is huge queue and backlog of people waiting to use space station.
drug therapy: treatment intended to relieve or heal a disorder
capsule/vehicle: spacecraft
drug delivery to the patients much easier
royalty/ˈrɔɪəlti/: a sum of money paid to a patentee for the use of a patent,
not loyatly!
manifest: reveal, indicate; consumers have a role or influence in the
occurrence or increase of inflation through their actions or behaviors.
prices have slowly begun to descend.
people really do behave in accordance with their expectations and with their
sentiments and attitudes/ˈætɪtuːd/ towards the economy.
price in: market has already taken into account and adjusted for that particular
information or event, and it is now reflected in the asset’s current valuation.
inflation expectation.
consumers had some recognition over the last year that there were factors that
were peculiar/pɪˈkjuːliər/ to the current situation, even if they might last
for a while, they didn’t expect them to last forever.
inflation is here to stay: something has become a permanent or long-lasting part
of a situation or context
preliminary/prɪˈlɪmɪneri/ results from the Sept survey…
Wage-price spiral/ˈspaɪrəl/: rising wages lead to higher prices for goods
and services, which in turn lead to demands for even higher wages.
Roughly we put out(create or produce) about a million chips a day.
isn’t the microchip company with most hype/haɪp/ right now: 夸张地宣传.
making chip at the bleeding edge: the very forefront of technological
development
behind the scenes: out of sight of the public at a theater or organization
misnomer/ˌmɪsˈnoʊmər/: a wrong or inaccurate name or designation, 用词不当
that’s patently false: easily recognizable; obvious
technological tug of war/tʌɡ/: 拔河
older node: 老节点 In computer science and networking, the term “older node”
typically refers to a node or device within a network that has been in operation
for a longer period of time compared to other nodes or devices in the same
network.
legacy node: 遗留节点 refers to a node or device within a network that uses
older, often outdated, technology, protocols, or hardware.
back out: withdraw from a commitment
reshore: (of a company) transfer (a business operation that was moved overseas)
back to the country from which it was originally relocated, eg: increasing
numbers of US-based manufacturing businesses are planning to reshore
production from China back to the US
tornado alley/ˈæli/: a narrow passageway between or behind buildings.
the cost of disasters each year is just skyrocketing: (of a price, rate, or
amount) increase very steeply or rapidly
We are seeing …happening more and more regularly
building code: a set of regulations and standards that specify the minimum
requirements for the design, construction, and maintenance of buildings and
structures.
fears of xx espionage /ˈespiənɑːʒ/: the practice of spying or of using spies
concerns are overblown: 过分渲染
the war in Ukraine has elevated the need for cheap, reliable drones
has a large lead on cost effective and capable/ˈkeɪpəbl/ 能干的 drones
some in the US think this dynamic(see again) is not permanent
they are known for being well-made and come with the great support in the
form of DJI care.
ministry of commerce/ˈkɑːmɜːrs/ released export restrictions on certain
drones: long flight times or certain(specific but not explicitly named or
stated) sensors
don’t have all of the requisite supply chain …
putting that aside 抛开这个不谈
overreliance/'ovɚrɪ’faɪn/: excessive dependence on or trust in someone or something
quiet quitting: doing the bare minimum of your job and putting in no more time,
effort, or enthusiasm than necessary, employee has the upper hand: advantage
airport lounge/laʊndʒ/, loyalty or elite/eɪˈliːt/ status.
but as the popularity increases, so do the challenges of operating them,
like overcrowding.
there is a lot of ways that you can qualify to get into them.
Status at an airline comes with a host of(a large number or multitude of
something) benefits like free seat upgrade, free checked bags, premium customer
service, lounge access.
modern lounge often includes amenities/ə’mɛnəti/…
taproom: a room in which alcoholic drinks, especially beer, are available on tap
along with its rivals/ˈraɪvl/, has also faced criticism that it does not
compete fairly with small independent grocers/ˈɡroʊsər/
grocery chain
automation could make some jobs obsolete: no longer produced or used; out
of date
move cutomers to high margin discretionary(the freedom to decide what
should be done) spending categories like apparel/ə’pærəl/(clothes) and
home furnishings
waterbed effect: used in economics and finance to describe a situation where
a change or intervention in one area has ripple effects or unintended
consequences in other related areas.
bury/ˈberi/ power line underground (vs overhead line): put or hide under ground
utility-caused fire devastated towns throughout California: an
organization supplying the community with electricity, gas, water, or
sewerage/'suərɪdʒ/
the result blaze destoryed the town of…: a very large or fiercely
burning fire
vegetation maintenance cost: plants considered collectively, especially
those found in a particular area or habitat:
conspiracy/kənˈspɪrəsi/ theory around the U.S. concealing/kənˈsiːl/ alien
life and technology in secret compounds like Area 51 have run rampant/ˈræmpənt/.
misery/ˈmɪzəri/: a state or feeling of great distress or discomfort of mind or
body
appraiser/ə’prezɚ/: a person whose job is to assess the monetary value of
something
contested vs uncontested: in context of divorce, A contested divorce occurs when
the spouses are unable to agree on one or more significant issues related to the
divorce, such as child custody, division of assets and debts
mediator/ˈmidiˌetɚ/: 调停者；调解人
aftermath: the consequences or aftereffects of a significant unpleasant event
how companies are governed: manage pertains more to handling specific
tasks, resources, or operations, while “govern” involves the broader aspect of
ruling, directing, or controlling based on established rules or principles.
privatize the gains, socialize the losses
baby formula: 婴幼儿配方奶粉
venture capitalist would tell you that’s normal, for every success you need to
bear with multiple failures.
powerhouse: a person or thing of great energy, strength, or power
LV is one of the most storied and iconic/aɪ’kɑnɪk/ luxury brands
Innovating new products that is captivating/ˈkæptɪveɪt/ to customers
you cannot create heritage/ˈherɪtɪdʒ/ overnight: denoting a traditional
brand or product regarded as fine craftsmanship, 传统
Luxury isn’t about quality it’s about exclusivity/'ɛksklʊ’sɪvəti/. People are
paying more so that they can have a product that less people can afford which
makes them feel special
It’s an interesting business model. Selling things for significantly more
than their actual value, just because you’ve managed to convince the customer
that the social validation of having that logo on your product makes it worth
paying that insane premium. It’s the perfect business model. Convince these
suckers to pay 10x more than they should and they won’t even dislike you for it,
they’ll admire you. That’s called “Brand” in the world of business. A brand
demands a premium. A Toyota or a Honda will also take you from a point A to a
point B, but people pay premium to buy a Mercedes or a BMW. Not to mention, a
oyota and a Honda will last longer as well. That’s the power of brand building.
It’s one thing to build a product and build a company, it’s a totally different
thing to build a brand.
either kill or pause the EV initiative: the ability to assess and initiate
things independently
suffered from underinvestment
so to speak: She’s the glue that holds the team together, so to speak, because
she’s excellent at fostering teamwork and cooperation.
as inflation starts to subside/səbˈsaɪd/ some costs are coming down: become
less intense, violent, or severe
leisure business: economic activities and industries that cater to providing
recreational, entertainment, or relaxation-related products and services for
individuals during their leisure time.
budget, low-cost, low-budget airlines: U.S. has Spirit, Allegiant, Frontier; in
eur has: easyJet, Ryanair, Wizzair.
full-service airline: typically offers passengers in flight entertainment,
checked baggage, meals, beverages and comforts such as blankets and pillows in
the ticket price.
paper safty card, seatback entertainment
they tend to entice/ɪnˈtaɪs/ travelers with low base fares and then
charge for add-ons(something that has been or can be added to an existing
object or arrangement:) such as seat selection, food and luggage.: attract or tempt by
offering pleasure or advantage
carry-on bag vs checked luggage
during onboarding, we hit another road bump.
they might weigh it
they are really efficient at boarding and deboarding, we got on/off quickly.
the biggest hang-up(not hang up) was that xxx: an emotional problem or
inhibition. 烦恼,焦虑
chargeback/'tʃɑːdʒbæk/: a demand by a credit-card provider for a retailer to
make good(compensate for or rectify a loss or damage that has occurred) the
loss on a fraudulent or disputed transaction.
screw/skruː/ up: a situation that has been completely mismanaged or mishandled
sucks: express dissatisfaction, disappointment, or a negative opinion about
something: the weather sucks.
phone/voice/txt scam, usuall they give some sense of urgency, ask you
don’t hang up the phone
my whole body was shaking
The phone rang and I answered it
the person hysterically/hɪsˈt ɛrɪk lɪ/ crying on the phone: deriving from
or affected by uncontrolled extreme emotion
broken wrist/rɪst/, waist/weɪst/
free trial: try out a product or service for a limited period without paying
for it
phone scams come in many forms
you need to rationalize/ae/ your weird behavior: attempt to explain or
justify with logical, plausible reasons, even if these are not true or appropriate
this may be the result of a sneaky behavioral(lack of transparency)
phenomenon called lifestyle creep/kriːp/: lifestyle inflation, refers to
the gradual increase in spending or expenses as an individual’s income rises,
it is hard to undo/rollback economically. 由俭入奢易，由奢入俭难, end up with living
paycheck to paycheck.
eat out rather than cook at home
can have serious financial consequence: often carries a sense of
importance, significance, or causality/kɔːˈzæləti/ 因果关系
the solution to make more money isn’t really realistic: having or showing
a sensible and practical idea of what can be achieved
Pharmaceutical/ˌfɑːrməˈsuːtɪkl/: relating to medicinal drugs, or their
preparation, use, or sale
prescription drug: an instruction written by a medical practitioner从业者
that authorizes a patient to be provided a medicine or treatment
complicated relationship between insurance, pharmacy and coverage
1 in 4 Americans have trouble affording their medication/ˌmedɪˈkeɪʃn/:
treatment using drugs
buy a product in bulk/bʌlk/ in low price and then sell it at a higher price
COVID-19 global outbreak
I believe that mRNA as the technology will be transformative: 有改革能力的
it has dividend growth for nearly 60 years and has consistently outperformed
the S&P 500 over past 25 years
it is really seen as a bellwether/'bɛl,wɛðɚ/ in the space: the leading
sheep of a flock
focus on core competency/ˈkɑmpɪtən,see/ or diversity: a defining capability
or advantage that distinguishes a person or enterprise from others
baby powder cancer case
it’s a topic of debate, and it’s not clear that over the longer term, if that
might not be sth you could pursue.
pharma and medical devices still have a lot of synergies/'sɪnɚdʒi/: 1+1>2
consumer business(B2C), the opposite is B2B, Examples of consumer businesses
include supermarkets, clothing stores, online retailers, restaurants,
entertainment providers, etc.
the controversy/ˈkɑːntrəvɜːrsi/ behind the Alzheimers’s drug
in addition to that, you have to take into account the fact that …
covers the elderly/ˈeldərli/, a lot of patients will be influenced by
the coverage decision, it could be extremely influential/ˌɪnfluˈenʃl/: having
great influence on someone or something
but one bigget factor they have playing against them is the various
demographics dynamics: aging population, low birth rate, rising dependency
ratio, which means fewer working age people
we will be prosperous/ˈprɑːspərəs/ if we are nice to each other
close the loophole: an ambiguity or inadequacy in the law or a set of rules.
we have come here to take part in the major game.
justice department: 司法部门
he allegedly/əˈlɛdʒd/ received more than %30 million: 据称
it became common knowledge that the resale depreciation is almost 100%, the
industry would’t collapse, but it would certainly fundamentally change
overnight
he was incapable of leading a bowling team, let alone a country: far less
likely, possible
This is a time when we need to either heavily regulate or outright ban
this “timeshare” system: completely, immediately
passangers have returned in a record breaking number, much higher than our
forecast
it becomes the U.S. biggest hub
explore how the airport and airline plan to keep up with demand: learn
about or be aware of current events or developments
we are projecting a lot of growth: estimate, forecast
whoever pushed 30 years ago for an airport outside the city with no limits on
size is the real visionary: thinking about or planning the future with
imagination or wisdom
I was just at the Denver Airport with an hour long layover. It’s a very
nice airport, but needs more eateries/'itəri/: a restaurant or other place
where people can be served food
cargo and freight/freɪt/ companies: goods transported in bulk by truck,
train, ship, or aircraft
cargo truck, cargo theft/θeft/, cargo thief/θiːf/
there is how cargo thieves are infiltrating/ˈɪnfɪltreɪt/ america’s supply
chain, but what most valuable follows economic trends: 渗透
if he opens the truck and there’s 1 milion of electronics, it’s probably not
even sth the law enforcement officer is going to understand, so he’s
probably going to let him go
overhaul command center: a thorough examination of machinery or a system
there is a lot of push-pull on solving the problem: conflicting
perspectives, opinions
the housing supply does not keep up with the demand
housing cartel/kɑːrˈtel/: an association of manufacturers or suppliers with
the purpose of maintaining prices at a high level and restricting competition
instant coffee has long been known as the black sheep of the coffee world:
a member of a family or group who is regarded as a disgrace to it
instant coffee accounts for 25% coffee consumed globally
find a solution to the country’s coffee surplus problem: more than
what is needed or used
predominantlytea drinking countries have been fertile ground for
instant coffee growth: here have been + n usage: continues tense
the overall innovation to the instant coffe space has been sluggish:
slow-moving or inactive, have been + adj: state happens some time ago and now
and may continue
strong and bitter taste, sweeter and softer taste: lighter
less resistant/rəˈzistənt/ to weather shocks, pests/ae/ and disease
the instant coffee consumption abroad is a very different story: oversea
arrest the individuals and send them to custody/ˈkʌstədi/: 拘留, imprisonment
news outlets: a subset of the media, such as CNN, BBC, etc
the shoplifiting is wild and high-profile: the criminal action of
stealing goods from a store while pretending to be a customer: she had
conviction/kənˈvɪkʃn/ of shoplifting
I was twice physically assaulted/əˈsɔːlt/ due to being trans
now we’re going to turn to Google the company firing an employee who
protested at an Israel Tech event
part of growing dissension/dɪ’sɛnʃən/ inside the company: disagreement
first of all just sort of give us the rundown of what happened: to
some extent; an analysis or summary
he was escorted/ˈeskɔːrt/ out of the building and it was captured on
camera went viral online
we found that the company fired him yesterday reasoning that it was
interfering with an official company sponsored event
but we also found this week that Google prematurelyshuttered/'ʃʌtɚ/ an
internal discussion forum in the company ahead of International women’s day
after a swarm comments about the Middle East crisis and Palestinian
/ˌpælis’tiniən/ women gain popularity in the forum
what’s your sensefrom outside looking in that large companies are finding
india an attractive place to put money
I’ve seen so many india companies who go from make in india to assemble in
india instead of going the other way around becaus it lacks skill so that’s a
challenge today
the govt is trying to build infra that it had lacked
india feared it would just be overrun by cheap products from places like china
the conversation is really superficial: not thorough, deep, superficial
knowledge
google is the number one this year, last year and the year before.
gender affirmation surgery
the high pay prestige /preˈstiːʒ/:widespread respect and admiration
business making moves to really understand where their customers are and trying
to fit their workforces to that demand
the stock market reacted quite favorable to this round of layoffs, lean year
keep your options open and be realistic, don’t hold back: hesitate to act
or speak; prevent or restrict the progress or development of someone or
something
people realized that the post-covid recovery is not as strong as many of
them had hoped for.
one area of particular/peculiar weakness is the service sector:
peculiar 2 meanings: odd,unusual; special
for chinese govt, it really wants to contain any of the market volatility(
negative), especially during the economic downturn.
civil service exam: govt job
many couples therefore chose/tʃoz/ to only have a son when restricted to just
a one child household, so consequently, after 30 years what you do have is a huge
situation of missing women and surplus bachelors.
30 million surplus men who cannot find brides/braɪd/.
it caused the population to become too male, too old and too few.
the aging population can make the govt spend a lot of money on the welfare
/ˈwelfer/
working age population
India still has demographic so that it would continue to grow and add
population in this subsequent decade: relating to structure of population.
just because you have plenty of young workers doesn’t mean you have
roads, the factories or the financing or the logistics to take advantages of all
these things and really make them come together.
this population decline in the process of aging is almost irreversible, we
can try to slow it down a little bit through increasing fertility/fərˈtɪləti/
rates but that’s not really solution to anything.
suppose the labor supply reachs a criticall low point, the chinese govt
might consider import cheaper labors from other countries.
from anecdotes/ˈænɪkdoʊt/ that i’ve heard, this policy was implemented
pretty stingently/ˈstrɪndʒənt/ in that everyone is so scared of giving
any financing to real estate developers they are almote cut off.
boeing spent a year trying to get back on track after the fatal max8 crashes.
the company has continued to face problems with production flaws and
setbacks
the pressure on boeing has led to a major leadership shake-up
the iconic company that once had a great reputation for safty is losing
more and more marketshare to rival airbus
first and foremost, get aircrafts that are quality and safe.
so much of boeing’s manufacturing has become outsourced
now boeing is kind of backtracking and saying, OKAY, maybe that was a little
bit too much: reverse one’s previous action and opinion.
the focus at boeing has shifted since this merge with douglas to profitability
as opposed to the engineering excellence.
boeing spun/spʌn/ off its unit as spirit aerosystem to improve
profitability, that puts financial squeeze on spirit aerosystem to build the
fuselages/'fjʊsə’lɑʒ/ at the lowest possible cost, but clearly this has
come with someb intangible cost in terms of quality control.
airline customers are desperate/ˈdespərət/ of new planes.
hire hitman to deal with/punish the whistleblower (conspiracy)
demand for copper is surging/soaring, price has soared/climbed
wind turbines/'tɝbaɪn/ and the power grid
offshore wind requires about 3 times as much copper as does coal/koʊl/-fired
power generation in terms of tons per gigawatt of capacity
mining company
copper is the backbone of the decarboniation goals
energy transition, electricity transfer
capital-intensive
the macro economic factors are causing companies to be hesitant/ˈhezɪtənt/
about investing new copper supply, which takes many years to result in production.
the smelter/'smɛltɚ/ and refinery where the ore is processed into pure copper
the company is struggle to get another project off the ground
incredible, without re-charging and refueling, 2000 kilometers, groundbreaking
they really see value in pushing the boundaries of what hybrids can do, given
the fact that they are competing on a quarter by quarter basis with tesla for
pure battery electric vehicle leadership.
they are dominant in this space in China, IMO they are also viewing this
as sort of the way forward for them in a lot of export markets where EV charging
infra is not as solid as it is in China.
it is the latest advance in china’s ambitious space explotation: a development
or improvement
basin/ˈbeɪsn/
the effect is most pronounced on the crater edges in the polar/ˈpoʊlər/ regions:
very noticeable
can you pls give us a sense of how important space exploration is to the china’s
leadership.
china also aims at sending astronauts to the moon around the year of 2030 which
would not only be scientifically important but also be a political prestige
/preˈstiːʒ/
chief concerns: inflation, drug addiction/əˈdɪkʃn/, federal budget deficit,
illegial immigration, gun violence, violent crime, the state of moral values
former company(or ex-ceo) executive/ɪɡˈzekjətɪv/ officer (CEO)
any future president might be tempted to influence the fed becuase the U.S
fiscal/ˈfɪskl/ position.
7 governors on the federal reserve interest rate committee are nominated
by the president and confirmed by congress
ultra modern mega city, over 30 million people believe or not
he is local
unfortunately the weather is not really on our side
chongqing is known as to be a very humid city
big river cruise ship
chao tian men square
busy public hoilday
I am excited to be seeing the view on the front: continous
a sort of: It can also imply uncertainty or that something is not clearly defined.
it is quite literally a wednesday: used for emphasis
I was literally blown away by the response I got: to be extremely impressed,
astonished, or overwhelmed by something. It conveys a strong sense of amazement
or admiration.
restaurant, retail
herbs: 香料
the meat soup(broth) has a lot of collagen/'kɑlədʒən/ from what I read, good for skin
pan-fried pork bun 生煎: juicy, tender
just a heads-up, if you are someone that does not have a large appetite/ˈæpɪtaɪt/
one bun is more than enough: over sufficient
chongqing is laid out on different levels.
viewing points
the lower level of the bridge is for metro or some sorts of train, the upper
level is for pedestrian/pəˈdestriən/ and cars
this is the perfect way I think to kickstart a night of trying some snacks
shaqima cube, it tastes a little bit yeasty/‘yi sti’/ (yeast smell, like fresh bread)
street snack
let’s make our way to a pedestrianized street/pəˈdestriən/ area
high-rise: tall building, skyscraper
downtown: city center
the street is a liitle bit old school
people seem to be very laidback, warm greeting from the people
very enjoyable and walkable place
some chinese official public holidays: new year day, spring festival,
tomb/tum/-sweeping day, labor day, dragon boat festival, mooncake/mid-autumn festival,
national day
I have so many questions, I don’t know anything about it
cable car
scenic/ˈsiːnɪk/ area 风景胜地: great wall scenic area
have a photo shoot
view point/spot, picture taking spot
it looks like quite dated in terms of how it looks
mind you head
fence or railing/'relɪŋ/ installed on cliff walkway
we can hear the cicada/sɪ’kedɚ/ in such a high altitude/ˈæltɪtuːd/
some people do walk which is probably the thing that we would do if this was
like a full day thing but we unfortunately only planned half a day because
we didn’t know how expensive it actually is we thought it was just one
viewing spot but it was few hours
pagoda/pə’ɡodə/: a tiered tower with multiple eaves
the entry of the pagoda is prohibited: Used for formal, legal, or official
restrictions, often involving policies or laws; ban: Used for official, often
legal, restrictions that completely disallow something. (e.g., “ban smoking”);
Forbid: Used for personal or informal restrictions, often by someone in a
osition of authority. (e.g., “forbid talking in class”)
Confucianism/kən’fjʊʃə,nɪzm/, Taoist/'tauist/ and Buddhist/'budist/ folklore/ˈfoʊklɔːr/
japanese anime/ˈænəˌme/
Chinese literature contains 4 masterpieces known as Four Great Classical Novels:
Journey to the west, Outlaws of the marsh, Romance of the three kingdoms, dream
of red chamber.
single player action game
the destined one 天命人
supernatural/ˌsupɚ’nætʃrəl/ power
proud (adj): be proud of, be proud to; pride/ei/ (n, v): I take pride in my
work; national pride in the country
I got disillusioned with working in physics during the course of my degree:
disappointment resulting from the discovery that something is not as good as one
believed it to be:
what appealed to me xxx. 吸引 not just attract
dealing with chronic/ˈkrɑːnɪk/ stress
I have overstayed as SRE
fascination with Google tech waned /weɪn/, faded
actual work not being that mind blowing: overwhelmingly impressive
cognitive load is very high at google: relating to the process of acquiring
knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses
it is like swimming upstream:going against the prevailing trend, facing
opposition, or making progress in a difficult situation
this is the highest religious structure in Phnom Penh/pəˈnɔm ˈpɛn/ city
the capital of Cambodia
correct a lot of misconceptions we’ve learned from the west.
you can do a Mekong/ˈmeˈkɔŋ/ river cruise/kruːz/
the old and new sort of intertwined/ˌɪntərˈtwaɪn/ in the city: twist or
twine together
usually we like to go to place where a lot of people are critical about or
maybe have a negative opinion, just to see if that’s actually the case or if
people are just being dramatic(overreacting)
I do want to buy sth, but I don’t want to be force into it.
we can do people watching when we have cafe: observing people as they go
about their daily lives
nicotine/'nɪkətɪn/ is going to be on the wall over time (not overtime)
顺其自然: let it be/whatever will be, will be/let nature take its course
顺势而为 I’m just going with the flow: accept things as they happen and adapt
to the circumstances without resistance or trying to control them. It suggests
being flexible and not stressing over things you can’t change.
I don’t know what the future holds
I don’t have any plan, I like not knowing right now
we have to wait 30 mins for our number to be called.
that’s next level dumpling
sour plum drink 酸梅汤
when in Rome, do as the Romans do: 入乡随俗: to follow the customs of people in
a foreign land or to adapt to the customs of people in a certain situation.
it really seems to be a never-ending sort of offer of different types of
souvenirs/su/.
it is a large city which is very frequented by tourists, it still has somehow
a laidback and relaxed type of vibe/vaɪb/: person’s emotional state or
the atmosphere of a place
you just need to raise your voice and get the help
these are ruins and relics/ˈrelɪk/ from ancient time: 废墟；遗迹
Ruins: Focuses on large, deteriorated structures or sites.
Relics: Focuses on smaller, preserved objects or artifacts of historical, cultural,
or religious value.
you can hear the squeaking/skwik ing/ of the wooden boat: 吱吱叫
leaning tower 斜塔 the tower is leaning
The pagoda started tilting /tɪlt/ this way some 400 years ago: move or
cause to move into a sloping position
dragon beard cake, very powdery, kind of candy cotton 棉花糖
I am eating messily, I am making a mess while eating: not eating in a clean or
tidy way, perhaps spilling food or getting it all over yourself or the table
streak/ri/ is commonly used in games to describe a continuous run of
successes or achievements: winning streak, losing streak: lost multiple
games in a row
China national football team finally won a match
ball control
0-0 draw, the word “tie” is not common here.
goalkeeper
China might be able to qualify for the finals for the second time.
The fans created a very good atmosphere and gave us a lot of support. They are
just like a 12th playeron the pitch
China’s Zhang Yuning scores his team’s second goal/point
scored an “own goal” This means he kicked the ball into his own team’s net,
giving the opposing team a point.
everybody seems dressed up, we are underdressed here.
this is a fancy place: high quality, expensive, impressive
they keep topping you up: refill the drink to top
signature dish 招牌菜
be careful of the fish bone while eating
no fish bones is the winning factor for me: key element, characteristic,
or strategy that contributes significantly to success or victory in a particular
situation, competition, or challenge.
million-strong, billing-strong: emphasize the size or number of people in a
group
bring heavy winds and surf(non-countable)
aging power/energy grid
Cuba’s first island-wide blackout/'blækaʊt/(large scale) happened on Friday
The blackouts threaten to plunge the communist-run nation into a deeper
crisis.
people began flooding whatsapp chats…
He skipped in line at the grocery store, and people were upset, or
He cut in line at the movie theater.
televised address: 电视讲话
Cuban officials have blamed the energy crisis on a confluence/'kɑnfluəns/ of
events, from increased US economic sanctions to disruptions caused by recent
hurricanes and the impoverished/ɪm’pɑvərɪʃt/ state of the island’s
infrastructure.
Unlike Halloween, which historically was a day to ward/wɔːrd/ off evil spirits,
Day of the Dead is more about paying respects to loved ones who have died.
longstanding tradition to honor ancestors
it is believed that the spirits of the dead return home to spend time with
their families.
indigenous/ɪnˈdɪdʒənəs/ people in the Americas
Many people honor Day of the Dead by visiting the graves of dead relatives
and loved ones. But they don’t necessarily go to mourn /mɔːrn/; instead, they
clean the graves and headstones or decorate them with flowers. Some might
pray, while others play music.
escort/ˈeskɔːrt/ service: sexual activity in return/exchange for payment
ignite controversy/ˈkɑːntrəvɜːrsi/ over social media
fans were quick to react on social media, with some defendnig and calling
the photos fake, while others were more inclined to believe the evidence
presented.
it is hard to determine the authenticity of the photo
As the story develops, the once-celebrated athlete’s reputation is at risk
This is the closest/se,sit/ I’ve ever gotten to such fresh gossip
many brands have distanced themselves from Jianlian.
what goes around, comes around
the pot calling the kettle black 半斤八两，五十步笑百步，大哥不说二哥
meticulously crafted handwork, and breathtaking/e/ visuals
it’s a double-edged sword
her name brandedsnail noodles
Western fans often liken/ˈlaɪkən/ her to a fairy in a pastoral /ˈpæstərəl/
paradise, mesmerized/'mɛzməraɪz/ by her meticulous craft and her harmonious relationship
with nature and family. “It’s like watching a piece of art come to life”
people get sick of city life
uphold the original vision
Guinness /'ɡinis/ World Record for “The most subscribers for a Chinese language
channel on YouTube.”
non-verbal content video
well salt 井盐
these that are often underrepresented in the mainstream media.
joint luxury EV brands from huawei: atio, luxeed, stelato
huawei will launch yet another brand, english name is yet unknown
the zunjie will be positioned above stelato
the front lights are positioned on the far side of the car bumper
there is a lidar/ˈlaɪdɑr/ unit above the wind screen
disclosed on a live broadcast
the vehicle has entered the comprehensive testing phase and is scheduled for
production by the end of this year, with marked launch expeceted in the first
half of 2025
did not say how many controllers it would net/demend/ after attrition and
retirements: final number or quantity after accounting for losses or deductions.
; employees’ leaving and not being replaced.
hear me out: Before you say no, hear me out. I think I have a great idea.
I am in the mid-carrer and was plateaued (vs stagnant - negative)
the work is getting repetitive and less fulfilling
the limbo/lin bo/ state was not helping my career and certainly wasn’t growing my
skillsets: It’s a state of being stuck, neither moving forward nor backward
悬而未决, 进退两难
in-house technologies, they are non-existent elsewhere.
Education consultancy /kənˈsʌltənsi/ (better than agency)
drawn by the prestige of an overseas education
Donald Trump’s first presidency/run
opening up initiative/policy in the late 1970
Biden took office
Beijing’s strict zero-Covid policy and the chaotic end of its lockdown years
partly(part of sth) vs partially (degree or extent), used interchangeably
with more Chinese students eyeing the stability and benefits of
government jobs, some even wonder if an overseas education might damage their
chances of such a career.
This Tariff will remain in effect until such time as Drugs, in particular
Fentanyl/'fɛn tə nɪl/, and all Illegal Aliens(negative foreigner) stop this
Invasion of our Country!
longstanding vs simmering/ˈsɪmər/ problem: Conveys a sense of potential
escalation 酝酿
I tried, but to no avail: 无济于事
this accusation runs completely counter to facts and reality 违背
China-Us economic and trade cooperation is mutually beneficial in nature
The measures proposed xxx 措施
sth passed onto sth: direct transfer, not into (transition)!
The problem with tariffs is that they often result in retaliatory actions
by targeted countries, kicking off a trade war
contentious(argumentative nature) vs controversial(public opinion) topic:
a controversial issue may lead to a contentious debate, a contentious issue
doesn’t necessarily have to be widely known or publicly debated.
lost its bid(attempt/effort) to strike down(kill) a law that could
result in it being banned.
Tiktok indicates it would appeal上诉 the decision
miss the forest for the trees: means that someone is so focused on the
details or small parts of a situation that they fail to see the bigger picture
or the overall goal.
Let’s not quibble/ˈkwɪbl/ over small details: argue or complain about petty or
unimportant details, Focuses on argument vs “picky” focus on personal preference
private practice: a professional business, such as a doctor’s or lawyer’s
office, that is independently owned and operated. It’s not controlled or funded
by a larger organization like a hospital or government agency.
he may waive his extradition next week: hand over to foreign state
is the biggest name to fall foul of(get into trouble with) a sweeping彻底的
crackdown on rampant(bad things speading unchecked) graft(corruption)
in China’s professional soccer league.
deep-rooted corruption
country’s anti-graft agency launched a far-reaching investigation into
bribery/ˈbraɪbəri/ and match-fixing操纵比赛 in Chinese professional
soccer league/liːɡ/.
Li said he deeply regretted taking the wrong path
increasingly shortsighted and eager for quick results
When I was a player, I despised/dɪˈspaɪz/(look down on) people who played
fixed matches the most
anti-immigrant: pronounce /ˈɪmɪɡrənt/ vs immigration
the boiling holiday feud/fjʊd/ over H1B visa exposed new fissures/ˈfɪʃər/
across Trump’s broadened support base: 分歧；分裂
they have self-interests
Tesla chief’s advocacy/ˈædvəkəsi/ for the lucrative high-tech industry
And the lesson of Trump’s first term is that those who overshadow him
soon find themselves exiting his orbit or becoming a scapegoat/'skepɡot/替罪羊
when things go wrong.
someone as social media savvy/ˈsævi/ 悟性；理解能力 as Trump
they often face social stigma/ˈstɪɡmə/ and institutional discrimination/dɪˌskrɪmɪˈneɪʃn/
walking down the street without being stared at
I find her very admirable/ˈædmərəbl/: pronounce
Chinese authorities have ramped up ideological control over what they consider
the undue influence of Western values, including a crackdown on the
LGBTQ+ community.
homosexuality/ˌhoməˌsɛkʃuˈælɪti/ was removed from mental disorder list.
pride parade/pəˈreɪd/
support groups have been forced to disband/dɪs’bænd/
Jin may have crossed a red line by holding a rainbow flag
Chinese view the rainbow flag with suspicion/səˈspɪʃn/: cautious distrust
More nationalist rhetoric describing LGBTQ+ issues as some sort of
foreign conspiracy
it’s a far cry from many people’s lived experience: distance too far/contrast
For many, it is already a non-starter given their parents will never approve.
but allegations have swirled on social media that there has been a cover-up掩饰
Chinese authorities have been particularly wary/ˈweri/ of public protests in the
country following the widespread “White Paper” demonstrations in late 2022
against Beijing’s hardline policies during the Covid-19 pandemic.
they want to equalize the right to technology. Technology does not need to
be high-end and they can fight a price war
smart driving is set to bring its sales to a new level: adds a sense of
confidence and anticipation to the statement, suggesting that the expected outcome
is highly probable
This would be CATL’s second listing after it raised $6.7 billion in an IPO
on China’s Shenzhen stock exchange in 2022: shares being available for trading.
animation, animated film/movie, mythology/folklore behind the film
making waves beyond its home market
nezha2 will open in Australia, xxx
The sequel’s (pronounce SQL) impressive performance is the result of a mix
of cutting-edge animation, strong storytelling and strategic timing
Ne Zha, a rebelliousgod-child, battles sea monsters to protect his
world in a plot/a/ that resonates with共鸣 young audiences with its exploration of
self-identity and fighting societal labels.
The film offers a modern take on traditional Chinese themes. 现代诠释
Investiture/ɪn’vɛstətʃɚ/ of the Gods 封神演义, Creation of the Gods
Detective Chinatown
face the challenge of cultural differences and audience preferences
how to effectively tell/sell Chinese stories to a global audience
That would mark a deviation from the approach it has taken thus far, in
which Android is developed in the open with updates frequently made to the AOSP
code repository.
The move has unsettled the developer community in China, where Android
powers nearly all major smartphones that do not come from Huaweo and Apple.
the shift could increase costs and jeopardise/ˈdʒɛpɚˌdaɪz/ app development
Google’s latest decision may boost the popularity of Huawei’s OS.
Android’s success has come partly from its open-source approach to development
A species/xi/ of wolf that died out some 12,500 years ago: extincted
Biotech company resurrects/ˌrezəˈrekt/ the wolf: return from actual death.
(not revive: return from a state of weakness or unconsciousness), or use word:
rebirth, bring back xxx
cloning and gene-editing technology, Gene editing for de-extinction
Game of Thrones/θroʊn/ 权利的游戏
ancient DNA extracted from two dire wolf fossils
it is important to ask what role the new animals will serve.
reciprocal/rɪˈsɪprəkl/ tariffs: 相互对应, does not always mean benefit both side.
a major sign of relief for market, creating a massive relief.
product exemption list
The new guidance might just sort out(resolve) all the fear and uncertainty
in the supply chain, allowing companies like Apple, Dell, HP, and many others to
resume business operations as expected.
However, given how quickly Trump’s policies are evolving, we cannot be sure
that the exemption status will remain the same in the longer run
Trump administration has realized the cost of imposing large-scale tariffs
on nations that play a vital role in the global supply chain
safety measures, including temporary suspension of classes, closure of some
parks and scenic spots, and suspension of certain train services as
precautionary steps.
Pope/ou/ Francis simplified the papal/pei/ funeral rites /raɪt/ in a move
of typical modesty/'mɑdəsti/
Holy see 教廷
cardinals in the Vatican/'vætikən/ ready themselves for picking a new pontiff/'pɑntɪf/
mourner /'mɔrnɚ/
In his will, Francis gave simple instructions for his burial/ˈberiəl/
the response has been comparativelymuted in China – an officially
atheist/ˈeɪθiɪst/ state with millions of Catholics whose government has had
a difficult and complex relationship with the Vatican
The Chinese government extended its condolences /kənˈdoʊləns/ 同情;吊唁
aimed to help the Vatican gain access to potentially millions of converts
across China 皈依
Catholicism is one of five state-recognized faiths in China, where religious
practice is strictly controlled, other 4: Protestantism, Islam/'ɪz’lɑm/, Taoism,
Buddhism.
Gives an ultimatum /ˌʌltɪˈmeɪtəm/ to its remote staff 最后通牒
return to office 3 days a week or risk losing(doing) their jobs
trying to stay head of the game/race
it has been 5 years since the life-changing situation
it still highlights the harsh consequences the staff could face for resistance,
which can range from bad performance reviews to even potentially being laid off.
raised concerns about the fairness and integrity of the program.
The surgeon/'sɝdʒən/, Xiao, was exposed for having multiple
extramarital/ˌɛkstrə’mærɪtl/ affairs
a noticeable silence from the authorities directly involved with Dong Xiyin’s case
The public’s reaction has been mixed, with some calling for patience and
understanding, while others demand immediate action and clear explanations from
the authorities.
The controversy has sparked a heated debate about the integrity of China’s
medical education system and the potential for abuse of power and privilege
she has benefited from her family’s influence and connections
The student drowns(drowned/drowned) in septic/ˈseptɪk/ tank while
retrieving phone
The phone had fallen/dropped into a dry toilet at a temple fair.庙会
The deep well is covered with a rotten/a/ wooden board
The location of the incident, in a somewhat remote area, exacerbated
the tragedy
The combination of drowning and asphyxiation /æsˌfɪksɪˈeʃən/ from the
noxious/ˈnɑːkʃəs/ gases present in the tank proved too much, leading to
respiratory/ˈrespərətɔːri/ and cardiac/ˈkɑːrdiæk/ arrest(stop)
issue of negligence /ˈneɡlɪdʒəns/ and lack of safety measures
Chongqing is a metropolis /mə’trɑpəlɪs/ 一国的主要城市(不一定是首都)
standing shoulder to shoulder, too crowded
the city never sleeps
Chingqing was the wartime captical of China during world war II after
NanJin fell, bombed by Japanese invader/ei/ for many years, the
heroic /həˈroʊɪk/ city never succumbed to/səˈkʌm/ bombing
American missionary /ˈmɪʃəneri/ 传教士
I did not expect this whatsoever I have to say 我必须说，我根本没想到这一点
the skin of the pork belly is caramelized/'kærəməlaiz/ by sugar and soy sauce
This drastic turn of events serves as a stark warning to individuals who
may be tempted tooverspend or make ill-advised investment decisions.
a lack of prudent financial planning, can lead to a downward spiral/ai/ of debt.
The desire to keep up with the latest trends or to speculated investments can
be alluring/əˈlʊrɪŋ/, but it is essential to prioritize saving
and responsible spending.
having money in hand brings peace of mind
a lack of diversification in investments, coupled with an
increasingly lavish/ˈlævɪʃ/ lifestyle, began to erode/ɪˈroʊd/ the savings.
providing financial assistance to families who are struggling to make ends meet 量入为出(no debt)
some Indonesian social media users questioned the wisdom of acquiring the
Rafales following Pakistan’s claim.
I feel regretful that we’re buying Rafale fighter jets after knowing it could
be countered(neutralized!!!(offset)/challenged) by J-10 that are much cheaper
unverified claims in conflict zones cannot be used as the sole basis
for assessing
A mysterious and debilitating(debility) case of abdominal pain and
diarrhea has left(caused) a 28-year-old man from Hubei Province weighing a
mere 67 kilograms
unexplained weight loss
Despite seekingmedical attention医疗护理 at multiple hospitals, the cause
of his symptoms remained elusive/iˈluːsɪv/
death sentence for child rapists/ei/ upheld(maintained) in china
underage(below a legal threshold for a specific activity) girls/boys vs minors (<18)
birth control pills 避孕药
explicit photos and videos 露骨, used these materials to blackmail them
for future abuse: 敲诈, 勒索
intellectual disabilities 智力缺陷
The case involves three separate incidents where the perpetrators /ˌpə…pəˈtretɚ/
used various tactics to deceive and coerce/koʊˈɜːrs/ their young victims.
roast chicken, grilled chicken, chicken curry and chicken chops/tʃɑːp/ 鸡排
a former employee exposed the company’s poor hygiene practices, including
fly infestations and the use of cooking oil食油 for over 20 days without
changing it.
local market supervision bureau/ˈbjʊroʊ/ is currently investigating
the matter.
exotic/ɪɡˈzɑːtɪk/ pets: foreign species: non-native species
breeding of exotic pets: mating
non-native species can disrupt the delicate/ae/ balance of the ecosystem
vampire/ˈvæmˌpaɪr/
endangered chameleons /kəˈmiː li en/(reptile) strapped to their waist
fruit fly
mildew/'mɪldu/霉: mold
invasive species outcompete native species for resources and habitat,
ultimately threatening the biodiversity of the region
threat human life due to their venom/ˈvenəm/ or ability to transmit diseases
hedgehog/'hɛdʒhɔɡ/刺猬
The rise of exotic pet-keeping can be attributed to several factors,
including the growing desire for unique and exotic experiences, increasing
disposable income, and the influence of social media.
There’s been inflation since, quite a bit more money actually
freaking unicorns 该死的，使人憎厌的
impluse bid on AI
I am pretty bullish (postiive)
go back to main / side quest 主/支 线任务
the signal to noise ratio is terrible
a good learning exercise 学习实践
townhome/townhouse tour
model home, design center, sales office
3 full baths and one half bath
the layout of the house
on the main level you have hardwood floor throughout
gray cabinets and quartz/kwɔːrts/ countertop(厨房的)工作台面
dining area
in the second floor you have a owner suite and a secondary bedroom
the owner suite is super spacious /ˈspeɪʃəs/ with a walk-in closet
the house is in a gated community
the frontdoor is right below us
raw milk recalled due to bird flu
turn a blind eye/see no evil, hear no evil, speak no evil: willful ignorance
and avoidance of responsibility is often seen in political behavior.
downplay scandals/wrongdong: make (something) appear less important than
it really is
teacher-parent conference
I have high hopesfor it, bright future, it will make a big success.
I am very optimistic about it, a lot of potential
Name model by dynasty and use chinese word as logo are very original
[ ] watch other categories video: shoes, clothes, house, football, etc
[ ] write diary and let gemini improve it:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Oyx_aC7NyVLn_kzJillg57Dgc6tgQpaL8MHWwo5DUD0/edit
[ ] video comment is interesting, videos from different areas, try to translate
them and compare with the AI translation.
[ ] revisit the new concept english articles, recitation
[ ] use chatgpt to ask me questions, practice english answer, filler phrases
[ ] ask chatpgt chinese question, I translate it to english
[ ] tell chinese story from weibo to english, compare translation
[ ] cnn /bbc news
[ ] twitter twittes
[ ] saturday opensource learning ,booking
comic book
PodSecurityPolicy was removed from K8s since v1.25.
Our GKE cluster had been forcely upgraded to v1.25 from v1.24 and we forgot to
retire the PodSecurityPolicy resources in the chart, so the subsequent helm
upgrade from pipeline failed due to the disappearance of PodSecurityPolicy
kind and version policy/v1beta1.
Even if I disabled the PodSecurityPolicy from the chart but the helm upgrade
still would reference to the resource from existing release and the “not found”
showed up:
[2023-07-08T01:12:20.712Z] Error: UPGRADE FAILED: unable to build kubernetes objects from current release manifest: [resource mapping not found for name: "xxx" namespace: "" from "": no matches for kind "PodSecurityPolicy"in version "policy/v1beta1"
The helm uninstall on existing release also failed and got stuck with the same
reason:
REVISION UPDATED STATUS CHART APP VERSION DESCRIPTION 1 Sat Nov 20 00:21:31 2021 superseded xxx-1.0.3 v1.4.1 Install complete 2 Thu Aug 11 10:30:45 2022 superseded xxxr-1.0.5 v1.7.3 Upgrade complete 3 Thu Aug 11 10:58:10 2022 superseded xxx-1.0.3 v1.4.1 Upgrade complete # helm uninstall failed and hung 4 Mon Aug 15 23:30:33 2022 superseded xxx-1.0.5 v1.7.3 Deletion in progress (or silently failed) # mapkubeapis helped re-map the deprecated API 5 Sat Jul 8 01:56:17 2023 deployed xxx-1.0.5 v1.7.3 Kubernetes deprecated API upgrade - DO NOT rollback from this version
Then the next helm uninstall/upgrade should be good.
Common Relational DB SQL concepts for quick revisit, recapped mainly from
w3school and go/Bard, not every DB supports
the listed syntax, so please use them accordingly.
SQL Clauses Layout Order
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table1 JOIN table2 ON table1.column = table2.column WHEREcondition GROUPBY column_name(s) HAVINGcondition ORDERBY column_name(s);
-- you can use multiple tables, it is the same as inner join SELECT column_name(s) FROM table1, table2 WHEREcondition GROUPBY column_name(s) HAVINGcondition ORDERBY column_name(s);
Distinct
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
SELECTCOUNT(DISTINCT Name) FROM Customers;
-- Distinct applies on the combination in SELECT, not just the first column SELECTDISTINCT collectors.first_name, collectors.last_name FROM collectors JOIN sales ON collectors.id = sales.collector_id;
-- Single quote for text value SELECT*FROM Customers WHERE Country='Mexico';
-- No quote around number value SELECT*FROM Customers WHERE CustomerID=1;
Using Parenthesis
1 2
SELECT*FROM Customers WHERE Country='Germany'AND (City='Berlin'OR City='München');
Min and Max
1 2
SELECTMAX(Price) AS LargestPrice FROM Products;
Count, Avg and Sum
1 2
SELECTCOUNT(ProductID) FROM Products;
Order By
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
SELECT*FROM Customers ORDERBY Country ASC, CustomerName DESC;
-- order by field can be irrelevant from select SELECT Address FROM Customers ORDERBY CustomerName ASC
NULL
Not every DB supports NULL for empty values, be aware.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
SELECT CustomerName, ContactName, Address FROM Customers WHERE Address ISNULL;
SELECT CustomerName, ContactName, Address FROM Customers WHERE Address ISNOT NULL;
Limit
1 2
SELECT*FROM Customers LIMIT 3;
In
The IN operator is a shorthand for multiple OR conditions.
1 2 3 4 5 6
SELECT*FROM Customers WHERE Country NOTIN ('Germany', 'France', 'UK');
-- subquery SELECT*FROM Customers WHERE Country IN (SELECT Country FROM Suppliers);
Alias
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
-- New column with a Literal value SELECT'Customer'AS Cus, ContactName, City, Country FROM Customers
-- CONCAT is a SQL function SELECT CustomerName, CONCAT(Address,', ',PostalCode,', ',City,', ',Country) AS Address FROM Customers;
-- you can omit AS for table alias SELECT o.OrderID, o.OrderDate, c.CustomerName FROM Customers AS c, Orders AS o WHERE c.CustomerName='Around the Horn'AND c.CustomerID=o.CustomerID; -- the same as SELECT o.OrderID, o.OrderDate, c.CustomerName FROM Customers c, Orders o WHERE c.CustomerName='Around the Horn'AND c.CustomerID=o.CustomerID;
Joins
(INNER) JOIN: Returns records that have matching values in all tables.
LEFT (OUTER) JOIN: Returns all records from the left table, and the matched
records from the right table.
RIGHT (OUTER) JOIN: Returns all records from the right table, and the matched
records from the left table.
FULL (OUTER) JOIN: Returns all records when there is a match in either left or
right table.
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table1 INNERJOIN table2 ON table1.column_name = table2.column_name; -- the same as JOIN SELECT column_name(s) FROM table1 JOIN table2 ON table1.column_name = table2.column_name;
-- Inner join 3 tables SELECT Orders.OrderID, Customers.CustomerName, Shippers.ShipperName FROM ( ( Orders INNERJOIN Customers ON Orders.CustomerID = Customers.CustomerID ) INNERJOIN Shippers ON Orders.ShipperID = Shippers.ShipperID );
You can use USING to subsitute ON if the columns name are the same, please
see here
1 2 3 4
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table1 INNERJOIN table2 USING (id, score);
Left Join
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
-- Show both CustomerID can better explain the left join SELECT Customers.CustomerName, Customers.CustomerID as id1, Orders.CustomerID as id2, Orders.OrderID FROM Customers LEFTJOIN Orders ON Customers.CustomerID = Orders.CustomerID ORDERBY Customers.CustomerName;
The LEFT JOIN keyword returns all records from the left table (Customers), even
if there are no matches in the right table (Orders) and if there is no that
CustomerID in Orders table, you get null for the Orders selected fields.
Right Join
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
SELECT Orders.OrderID, Orders.EmployeeID as id1, Employees.EmployeeID as id2, Employees.LastName, Employees.FirstName FROM Orders RIGHTJOIN Employees ON Orders.EmployeeID = Employees.EmployeeID ORDERBY Orders.OrderID;
The RIGHT JOIN keyword returns all records from the right table (Employees),
even if there are no matches in the left table (Orders).
Full Join
1 2 3 4
SELECT Customers.CustomerName, Orders.OrderID FROM Customers FULLOUTERJOIN Orders ON Customers.CustomerID=Orders.CustomerID ORDERBY Customers.CustomerName;
The FULL OUTER JOIN keyword returns all matching records from both tables
whether the other table matches or not. So, if there are rows in “Customers”
that do not have matches in “Orders”, or if there are rows in “Orders” that do
not have matches in “Customers”, those rows will be listed as well.
Self Join
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
-- there will be duplicates introduced by switch CustomerName in A and B tables SELECT A.CustomerName AS CustomerName1, B.CustomerName AS CustomerName2, A.City FROM Customers A, Customers B -- can omit AS in table alias WHERE A.CustomerID <> B.CustomerID AND A.City = B.City ORDERBY A.City;
Union
The UNION operator is used to combine the result-set of two or more SELECT
statements.
Every SELECT statement within UNION must have the same number of columns.
The columns must also have similar data types.
The columns in every SELECT statement must also be in the same order.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
-- 'Customer' and 'Supplier' are literal value under the 'Type' column -- here is used to distinguish the rows are from which select SELECT'Customer'AS Type, ContactName, City, Country FROM Customers -- UNION ALL -- can have duplicates UNION-- union distinct row only SELECT'Supplier', ContactName, City, Country FROM Suppliers;
Group By
The GROUP BY statement is often used with aggregate functions (COUNT(), MAX(),
MIN(), SUM(), AVG()) to group the result-set by one or more columns.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name WHEREcondition GROUPBY column_name(s) ORDERBY column_name(s);
-- Example SELECT Shippers.ShipperName, COUNT(Orders.OrderID) AS NumberOfOrders FROM Orders LEFTJOIN Shippers ON Orders.ShipperID = Shippers.ShipperID GROUPBY ShipperName;
Having
The HAVING clause was added to SQL because the WHERE keyword cannot be used with
aggregate functions.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name WHEREcondition GROUPBY column_name(s) HAVINGcondition ORDERBY column_name(s);
-- Example SELECTCOUNT(CustomerID) as CustomerNumber, Country FROM Customers GROUPBY Country HAVING CustomerNumber >5 ORDERBY CustomerNumber;
Exist
The EXISTS operator is used to test for the existence of any record in a
subquery.
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name WHEREEXISTS ( SELECT column_name FROM table_name WHEREcondition );
-- Example SELECT SupplierName FROM Suppliers WHEREEXISTS ( SELECT ProductName FROM Products -- Suppliers is from outer layer WHERE Products.SupplierID = Suppliers.supplierID AND Price <20 );
Any and ALL
The ANY and ALL operators allow you to perform a comparison between a single
column value and a range of other values.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name WHERE column_name operator ANY (SELECT column_name FROM table_name WHEREcondition);
-- Example SELECT ProductName FROM Products WHERE ProductID =ANY-- can be rewritten as IN operator (SELECT ProductID FROM OrderDetails WHERE Quantity =10);
Subquery
This is how you can boost your query, basically you can use subquery in below
clauses:
-- SELECT clause SELECT first_name, last_name, ( -- inner query runs for every row of collectors table SELECTcount(*) AS paintings FROM sales WHERE collectors.id = sales.collector_id -- correlated with outer query ) FROM collectors;
-- WHERE clause SELECT customer_name FROM customers WHERE customer_id IN ( SELECT customer_id FROM orders WHERE order_date >'2023-03-08' );
-- HAVING clause SELECT product_category, average_price FROM products GROUPBY product_category -- no where as where cannot use aggragate functions HAVING average_price > ( SELECTAVG(price) FROM products WHERE product_category ='Electronics' );
-- FROM clause SELECT product_name, quantity FROM ( /* Generate a new table from subquery */ SELECT product_name, SUM(quantity) AS quantity FROM order_items GROUPBY product_name );
-- with JOIN, the example no special meaning. SELECT res.region,res.availability_zone, res.machine_type, res.billing_account_id, res.reservation_code FROM ( ( SELECTDISTINCT r.earmark.region, r.earmark.availability_zone, r.earmark.machine_type, r.earmark.billing_account_id, r.earmark.reservation_code FROM Reservations AS r WHERE r.ProvenanceMetadata.version_state ='LATEST'AND r.earmark.reservation_code!="" ) AS res JOIN ( SELECTdistinct p.PlacementGroup.region, p.PlacementGroup.availability_zone, p.PlacementGroup.machine_type FROM PlacementGroupCapacity AS p WHERE p.ProvenanceMetadata.version_state ='LATEST'AND p.PlacementGroup.pg_pool="" ) AS pgc ON res.region=pgc.region AND res.availability_zone=pgc.availability_zone AND res.machine_type=pgc.machine_type );
I haven’t dealt with infra for a while after the team shift. Today, I was
got a ticket and its problem solving process refreshed my memory about
some Consul operations, so I would like to document it here.
The initial issue was the DNS lookup service from our stack malfunction and it
did not return update-to-date IP of some VMs. As we use Consul as discovery
service in our distributed system, so the question came to it.
Check if the VM or service was registered to Consul:
1 2 3 4 5 6
# List the members of a Consul cluster # Examine the Status(alive), Type(server/client), etc consul members
# List all services consul catalog services
Neither VMs not service was there, went to check if the Consul daemon was good:
1
sudo systemctl status consul
Consul was running, but I observed some short error messages, to see full:
1
sudo journalctl -ex -u consul
The error was about Consul encrypt key mismatch:
1 2 3 4 5
error= | 3 errors occurred: | * Failed to join 172.16.4.137:8301: No installed keys could decrypt the message | * Failed to join 172.16.4.153:8301: No installed keys could decrypt the message | * Failed to join 172.16.4.139:8301: No installed keys could decrypt the message
Checked the Consul /etc/consul/config.json(check your corresponding setup)
file and compared with the Consul server config, spotted that the
enctypt field did not match, to fix it:
Replaced the wrong key with the correct one.
Deleted the cached key file /.../serf/local.keyring, the root path please
check Consul config JSON file’s data_dir field.
Then restarted the Consul service and problem got solved:
1
sudo systemctl restart consul
You can check the DNS again by dig with Consul as DNS server:
1
dig +short <consul service name>.service.consul @localhost -p 8600
Or if the VM /etc/resolv.conf was configured with Consul already:
The httptest package provides utilities for HTTP testing:
Test server handler logic by mocking the request.
Test client logic by mocking the server handler.
For server handler testing, you need ResponseRecorder object to record the
http.ResponseWriter’s mutations, plus httptest.NewRequest and pass them into
the server handler for (w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request).
For client logic testing, you need to mock specific server handler or
even entire server, using the httptest.NewServer Object or other server types.
For client logic testing, if you only set up one handler and call it repeatedly,
it returns the same response. If you do want to have different response when you
call mock server, here is the
example,
I enrich it by adding more in handlers.
funcmain() { responseCounter := 0 responses := []func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request){ // Transfer into upper case for word provided // Hand GET request func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { query, err := url.ParseQuery(r.URL.RawQuery) if err != nil { w.WriteHeader(http.StatusBadRequest) fmt.Fprintf(w, "invalid request") return } word := query.Get("word") iflen(word) == 0 { w.WriteHeader(http.StatusBadRequest) fmt.Fprintf(w, "missing word") return } w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK) fmt.Fprintf(w, strings.ToUpper(word)) }, // Handle POST request to get message func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { if r.Method == http.MethodPost { body, err := ioutil.ReadAll(r.Body) if err != nil { fmt.Println(err) return } // Parse the request body as JSON. var data struct { Name string`json:"name"` Email string`json:"email"` } err = json.Unmarshal(body, &data) if err != nil { fmt.Println(err) return } // Print the name and email of the user who submitted the form. fmt.Println("Name:", data.Name) fmt.Println("Email:", data.Email) fmt.Println("Header:", r.Header) } }, } ts := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { responses[responseCounter](w, r) responseCounter++ // Using counter to rotate if you have many more calls responseCounter = responseCounter % 2 })) defer ts.Close()
// call from client with different http method clientGetMethod(ts.URL + "?word=school") // bad call, will get your error message clientGetMethod(ts.URL + "?apple") clientPostMethod(ts.URL) }
# launch CQL shell to enter interactive mode cqlsh <host IP>
# better format for multiple columns query expand on
# list keyspace names describe keyspaces # describe shows the all table schemas in that keyspace describe keyspace <keyspace name>
# list table names describe tables # describe shows the table schema, with partition key and clustering key describe table <table name>
# entry keyspace use <keyspace name>;
# empty whole table data truncate <table name>;
# capture query result into a file # check current capture location capture # off the expand format when using capture expand off # off the paging in query result for capture # otherwise you need to hit enter to continue the query paging off # set capture file path capture '~/20230603_xxx' # turn off capture capture off
# number of row select count(*) from <table>;
# Allow filtering clause # Please use single quote for text value # The column1 is not the table partition key(because of using Allow filtering), # then this query will do a full cluster scan, not efficient select * from <table> where column1='column1 value' allow filtering;
# Limit output select * from <table> limit 3;
# Order by clause, to use it, the partition key must be defined in the WHERE # clause and the ORDER BY clause uses the clustering key for ordering. select pkey, rkey FROM <table> WHERE pkey='xxx' order by rkey desc limit 1;
# decode blob(binary large object) from "value" column select blobastext(value) from <table> WHERE rkey='xxx' allow filtering;
# there is also textasblob() for insert insert into <table> (id, data) values (1,textasblob('This is a string'));
# update general fields, you need to specify partition and clustering keys to # identify the row, the "in" operator is helpful for multiple deletion update <table> set field1='value1',field2='value2'where <partitionKey>='xxx' and cluseringKey in (1111,2222,3333);
# Deletion only needs partition key # If the partition key is timestamp type, it will show as # "2023-08-21 18:28:31.489000+0000" in the table, in deletion, please remomve # the 000 right before the +0000, otherwise it won't work: delete from <table> where updated_at='2023-08-21 18:28:31.489+0000';
You can also run commands without the interactive cql shell:
At the time of writing, there is a time-limited free course about ChatGPT prompt
engineering for developers, shared by deeplearning.ai.
Introduction
Two types of LLMs:
Base LLM: predicts next word, based on test training data, not able to answer
user questions.
Instruction Tuned LLM: tries to follow instruction, fine tune on instructions
and good attempt at following those instructions. RLHF(refinement learning
with human feedback).
Be specific to context: your level, what you get and know.
Assign roles to LLM to tailor the output you receive.
For example, you can ask like:
1 2 3
As both a software architect and a security expert, evaluate this python code script for web app and suggest architectural improvements and security enhancements.
Use it as a software tester role, etc.
Request an expert opinion.
Assign an expert role to LLM and ask it to evaluate the work you have done to
further refine it.
Give feedback.
Iteratively prompt the LLM and provide feedback on the output you receive to get
closer to your expected results.
text = f""" You should ```express what you want``` a model to do by \ providing instructions that are as clear and \ specific as you can possibly make them. \ This will guide the model towards the desired output, \ and reduce the chances of receiving irrelevant \ or incorrect responses. Don't confuse writing a \ clear prompt with writing a short prompt. \ In many cases, longer prompts provide more clarity \ and context for the model, which can lead to \ more detailed and relevant outputs. """ prompt = f""" Summarize the text delimited by single backtick \ into a single sentence. `{text}` """
response = perform_task(prompt) print(response)
Ask for structed output.
JSON, YAML, etc, so the they can be used later.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
prompt = f""" Generate a list of three made-up book titles along \ with their authors and genres. Provide them in JSON format with the following keys: book_id, title, author, genre. """ response = perform_task(prompt) print(response)
Ask the model to check whether conditions are satisfied.
For example, does the input contain a sequence of instructions?
text_1 = f""" Making a cup of tea is easy! First, you need to get some \ water boiling. While that's happening, \ grab a cup and put a tea bag in it. Once the water is \ hot enough, just pour it over the tea bag. \ Let it sit for a bit so the tea can steep. After a \ few minutes, take out the tea bag. If you \ like, you can add some sugar or milk to taste. \ And that's it! You've got yourself a delicious \ cup of tea to enjoy. """ prompt = f""" You will be provided with text delimited by triple quotes. If it contains a sequence of instructions, \ re-write those instructions in the following format: Step 1 - ... Step 2 - … … Step N - … If the text does not contain a sequence of instructions, \ then simply write \"No steps provided.\" \"\"\"{text_1}\"\"\" """ response = perform_task(prompt) print("Completion for Text 1:") print(response)
“Few-shot” prompting.
Give successful example of completing tasks then ask model to perform the
task.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
prompt = f""" Your task is to answer in a consistent style. <child>: Teach me about patience. <grandparent>: The river that carves the deepest \ valley flows from a modest spring; the \ grandest symphony originates from a single note; \ the most intricate tapestry begins with a solitary thread. <child>: Teach me about resilience. """ response = perform_task(prompt) print(response)
text = f""" In a charming village, siblings Jack and Jill set out on \ a quest to fetch water from a hilltop \ well. As they climbed, singing joyfully, misfortune \ struck—Jack tripped on a stone and tumbled \ down the hill, with Jill following suit. \ Though slightly battered, the pair returned home to \ comforting embraces. Despite the mishap, \ their adventurous spirits remained undimmed, and they \ continued exploring with delight. """ # example 1 prompt_1 = f""" Perform the following actions: 1 - Summarize the following text delimited by single \ backtick with 1 sentence. 2 - Translate the summary into French. 3 - List each name in the French summary. 4 - Output a json object that contains the following \ keys: french_summary, num_names. Separate your answers with line breaks. Text: `{text}` """ response = perform_task(prompt_1) print("Completion for prompt 1:") print(response)
Instruct the model to work out its own solution before rushing to a
conclusion.
prompt = f""" Your task is to determine if the student's solution \ is correct or not. To solve the problem do the following: - First, work out your own solution to the problem. - Then compare your solution to the student's solution \ and evaluate if the student's solution is correct or not. Don't decide if the student's solution is correct until you have done the problem yourself. Use the following format: Question: `` question here `` Student's solution: `` student's solution here `` Actual solution: `` steps to work out the solution and your solution here `` Is the student's solution the same as actual solution \ just calculated: `` yes or no `` Student grade: `` correct or incorrect `` Question: `` I'm building a solar power installation and I need help \ working out the financials. - Land costs $100 / square foot - I can buy solar panels for $250 / square foot - I negotiated a contract for maintenance that will cost \ me a flat $100k per year, and an additional $10 / square \ foot What is the total cost for the first year of operations \ as a function of the number of square feet. `` Student's solution: `` Let x be the size of the installation in square feet. Costs: 1. Land cost: 100x 2. Solar panel cost: 250x 3. Maintenance cost: 100,000 + 100x Total cost: 100x + 250x + 100,000 + 100x = 450x + 100,000 `` Actual solution: """ response = perform_task(prompt) print(response)
NOTE: it is possible that the answer sounds plausible but are not true.
Reduce the hallucinations: Ask the LLM first find relevant information, then
answer the question based on the relevant information.
Iterative
Iterative prompt development steps:
Try something.
Analyze where the result does not give what you want.
Clarify instructions, give more time to think.
Refine prompt with a batch of examples.
For example, below examples show how to evolve the prompt to get desired outcome
for a e-commerce website:
fact_sheet_chair = """ OVERVIEW - Part of a beautiful family of mid-century inspired office furniture, including filing cabinets, desks, bookcases, meeting tables, and more. - Several options of shell color and base finishes. - Available with plastic back and front upholstery (SWC-100) or full upholstery (SWC-110) in 10 fabric and 6 leather options. - Base finish options are: stainless steel, matte black, gloss white, or chrome. - Chair is available with or without armrests. - Suitable for home or business settings. - Qualified for contract use. CONSTRUCTION - 5-wheel plastic coated aluminum base. - Pneumatic chair adjust for easy raise/lower action. DIMENSIONS - WIDTH 53 CM | 20.87” - DEPTH 51 CM | 20.08” - HEIGHT 80 CM | 31.50” - SEAT HEIGHT 44 CM | 17.32” - SEAT DEPTH 41 CM | 16.14” OPTIONS - Soft or hard-floor caster options. - Two choices of seat foam densities: medium (1.8 lb/ft3) or high (2.8 lb/ft3) - Armless or 8 position PU armrests MATERIALS SHELL BASE GLIDER - Cast Aluminum with modified nylon PA6/PA66 coating. - Shell thickness: 10 mm. SEAT - HD36 foam COUNTRY OF ORIGIN - Italy """
Original prompt:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
prompt = f""" Your task is to help a marketing team create a description for a retail website of a product based on a technical fact sheet. Write a product description based on the information provided in the technical specifications delimited by single backtick. Technical specifications: `{fact_sheet_chair}` """ response = perform_task(prompt) print(response)
If the output is too long, you can limit the length explicitly:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
prompt = f""" Your task is to help a marketing team create a description for a retail website of a product based on a technical fact sheet. Write a product description based on the information provided in the technical specifications delimited by single backtick. Use at most 50 words. Technical specifications: `{fact_sheet_chair}` """ response = perform_task(prompt) print(response)
After many rounds of improvements, the last prompt gets specified details and
table/HTML format:
prompt = f""" Your task is to help a marketing team create a description for a retail website of a product based on a technical fact sheet. Write a product description based on the information provided in the technical specifications delimited by single backtick. The description is intended for furniture retailers, so should be technical in nature and focus on the materials the product is constructed from. At the end of the description, include every 7-character Product ID in the technical specification. After the description, include a table that gives the product's dimensions. The table should have two columns. In the first column include the name of the dimension. In the second column include the measurements in inches only. Give the table the title 'Product Dimensions'. Format everything as HTML that can be used in a website. Place the description in a <div> element. Technical specifications: `{fact_sheet_chair}` """
response = perform_task(prompt) print(response)
Summarizing
For example, the text to be summarized:
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prod_review = """ Got this panda plush toy for my daughter's birthday, \ who loves it and takes it everywhere. It's soft and \ super cute, and its face has a friendly look. It's \ a bit small for what I paid though. I think there \ might be other options that are bigger for the \ same price. It arrived a day earlier than expected, \ so I got to play with it myself before I gave it \ to her. """
You can ask LLM like this:
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prompt = f""" Your task is to generate a short summary of a product \ review from an ecommerce site. Summarize the review below, delimited by single backtick, in at most 30 words. Review: `{prod_review}` """
response = perform_task(prompt) print(response)
Focusing on shipping and delivery details:
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prompt = f""" Your task is to generate a short summary of a product \ review from an ecommerce site to give feedback to the \ Shipping deparmtment. Summarize the review below, delimited by single backtick, in at most 30 words, and focusing on any aspects \ that mention shipping and delivery of the product. Review: `{prod_review}` """
response = perform_task(prompt) print(response)
Focusing on price and value:
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prompt = f""" Your task is to generate a short summary of a product \ review from an ecommerce site to give feedback to the \ pricing deparmtment, responsible for determining the \ price of the product. Summarize the review below, delimited by single backtick, in at most 30 words, and focusing on any aspects \ that are relevant to the price and perceived value. Review: `{prod_review}` """
response = perform_task(prompt) print(response)
If the summaries are not relevant to focus, you can adjust the word by using
extract instead of summarize:
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prompt = f""" Your task is to extract relevant information from \ a product review from an ecommerce site to give \ feedback to the Shipping department. From the review below, delimited by single quote \ extract the information relevant to shipping and \ delivery. Limit to 30 words. Review: `{prod_review}` """
response = perform_task(prompt) print(response)
To summarize multiple payloads:
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# reviews contains multiple texts for i inrange(len(reviews)): prompt = f""" Your task is to generate a short summary of a product \ review from an ecommerce site. Summarize the review below, delimited by triple \ quotes in at most 20 words. Review: '''{reviews[i]}''' """
For example, extract sentiment(positive or negative), LLMs are pretty good at
extracting these.
For example giving the customer review:
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lamp_review = """ Needed a nice lamp for my bedroom, and this one had \ additional storage and not too high of a price point. \ Got it fast. The string to our lamp broke during the \ transit and the company happily sent over a new one. \ Came within a few days as well. It was easy to put \ together. I had a missing part, so I contacted their \ support and they very quickly got me the missing piece! \ Lumina seems to me to be a great company that cares \ about their customers and products!! """
You can do multiple tasks at once:
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prompt = f""" Identify the following items from the review text: - Sentiment (positive or negative) - Is the reviewer expressing anger? (true or false) - Item purchased by reviewer - Company that made the item The review is delimited with triple backticks. \ Format your response as a JSON object with \ "Sentiment", "Anger", "Item" and "Brand" as the keys. If the information isn't present, use "unknown" \ as the value. Make your response as short as possible. Format the Anger value as a boolean. Review text: '''{lamp_review}''' """ response = perform_task(prompt) print(response)
You can also infer topics:
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prompt = f""" Determine five topics that are being discussed in the \ following text, which is delimited by triple backticks. Make each item one or two words long. Format your response as a list of items separated by commas. Text sample: '''{story}''' """ response = perform_task(prompt) print(response)
And you can have a list of keywords and check if the text to be verified is in
one of them:
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# topic_list contains a list of key words to be identified. prompt = f""" Determine whether each item in the following list of \ topics is a topic in the text below, which is delimited with triple backticks. Give your answer as list with 0 or 1 for each topic.\ List of topics: {", ".join(topic_list)} Text sample: '''{story}''' """ response = perform_task(prompt) print(response)
You can output as JSON format to further process.
Transforming
Such as language translation, spelling and grammar checking, tone adjustment,
and format conversion.
user_messages = [ # System performance is slower than normal "La performance du système est plus lente que d'habitude.", # My monitor has pixels that are not lighting "Mi monitor tiene píxeles que no se iluminan.", # My mouse is not working "Il mio mouse non funziona", # My keyboard has a broken control key "Mój klawisz Ctrl jest zepsuty", # My screen is flashing "我的屏幕在闪烁" ]
for issue in user_messages: prompt = f"Tell me what language this is: ```{issue}```" lang = perform_task(prompt) print(f"Original message ({lang}): {issue}")
prompt = f""" Translate the following text to English \ and Korean: '''{issue}''' """ response = perform_task(prompt) print(response, "\n")
Tone transformation, for informal to formal:
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prompt = f""" Translate the following from slang to a business letter: 'Dude, This is Joe, check out this spec on this standing lamp.' """ response = perform_task(prompt) print(response)
Spelling and grammar check, to signal to the LLM that you want it to proofread
your text, you instruct the model to ‘proofread’ or ‘proofread and correct’.
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text = [ "The girl with the black and white puppies have a ball.", # The girl has a ball. "Yolanda has her notebook.", # ok "Its going to be a long day. Does the car need it’s oil changed?", # Homonyms "Their goes my freedom. There going to bring they’re suitcases.", # Homonyms "Your going to need you’re notebook.", # Homonyms "That medicine effects my ability to sleep. Have you heard of the butterfly affect?", # Homonyms "This phrase is to cherck chatGPT for speling abilitty"# spelling ] for t in text: prompt = f"""Proofread and correct the following text and rewrite the corrected version. If you don't find and errors, just say "No errors found". Don't use any punctuation around the text: ```{t}```""" response = perform_task(prompt) print(response)
text = f""" Got this for my daughter for her birthday cuz she keeps taking \ mine from my room. Yes, adults also like pandas too. She takes \ it everywhere with her, and it's super soft and cute. One of the \ ears is a bit lower than the other, and I don't think that was \ designed to be asymmetrical. It's a bit small for what I paid for it \ though. I think there might be other options that are bigger for \ the same price. It arrived a day earlier than expected, so I got \ to play with it myself before I gave it to my daughter. """ prompt = f"proofread and correct this review: ```{text}```" response = perform_task(prompt) print(response)
from redlines import Redlines
diff = Redlines(text,response) # This helps highlights the differences display(Markdown(diff.output_markdown))
prompt = f""" proofread and correct this review. Make it more compelling. Ensure it follows APA style guide and targets an advanced reader. Output in markdown format. Text: '''{text}''' """ response = perform_task(prompt) display(Markdown(response))
Expanding
Expand short text to long, for example, generate customer service emails that
are tailored to each customer’s review.
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# Assume the 'review' and 'sentiment' are ready to use. prompt = f""" You are a customer service AI assistant. Your task is to send an email reply to a valued customer. Given the customer email delimited by ```, \ Generate a reply to thank the customer for their review. If the sentiment is positive or neutral, thank them for \ their review. If the sentiment is negative, apologize and suggest that \ they can reach out to customer service. Make sure to use specific details from the review. Write in a concise and professional tone. Sign the email as `AI customer agent`. Customer review: '''{review}''' Review sentiment: {sentiment} """ response = perform_task(prompt, temperature=0.7) print(response)
About the temperature parameter, uses 0 if you require reliability and
predictability, use high value if requires variety.
Charbot
Utilizing the chat format to have extended conversations with chatbots
personalized or specialized for specific tasks or behaviors.
Basically, you need to provide the complete context for each conversation, for
example, by appending the messages(from user and assistant) to a list, and
dumping the list to LLM for response.
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# The 'system' role is used to provide overall context and details. # The 'user' role is used to carry user input. # The 'assistant' role is to specify/record LLM response. messages = [ {'role':'system', 'content':'You are an assistant that speaks like Shakespeare.'}, {'role':'user', 'content':'tell me a joke'}, {'role':'assistant', 'content':'Why did the chicken cross the road'}, {'role':'user', 'content':'I don\'t know'} ]
And you can summarize the chat session, for example:
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messages = context.copy() messages.append( {'role':'system', 'content':'create a json summary of the previous food order.\ Itemize the price for each item the fields should be 1) pizza, include size 2) \ list of toppings 3) list of drinks, include size 4) list of sides include \ size 5)total price '}, )
Please note that only exported field(upper case) in struct will be
encoded/decoded, and struct tag can help rename, if there is no struct tag, the
exact struct field name will be used as JSON key name in marshalling.
For unmarshal if there is no corresponding JSON field, the struct field will be
assigned the default zero value of that type, for example:
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// using raw string quote `` to avoid any escape chars d := []byte(` {"page": 1} `)
Because the user_info JSON data is missing, so UserInfo gets a struct value
with default value on all fields UserInfo:{Age:0 Height:0}, but this cannot
tell if the user_info is really missing or it has value but all 0.
To solve this, we can use pointer for nested struct field:
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type Response struct { Page int`json:"page"` UserInfo *userInfo `json:"user_info"`// change to pointer }
And run again, the output will be:
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{Page:1 UserInfo:<nil>}
By checking it is nil, we can tell the JSON data is missing.
For Arbitrary JSON Object Data
If there are unknown fields in JSON data, we can use interface and type
assertion to help decode the JSON data, for example:
From blog JSON and Go, the json module uses
interface{} to store arbitrary JSON objects or arrays and access them by
type asseration with underlying map[string]interface{}.
I have encountered the case that a struct field the marshal and unmarshal have
to use different type due to some reasons, so I have to use interface{} for
that struct field and use assertion to access it.
Omit The Field If Not Exist
The “omitempty” option specifies that the field should be omitted from the
marshal(encoding) if the field has an empty value, defined as false, 0, a nil
pointer, a nil interface value, and any empty array, slice, map, or string.
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type Example struct { Count int`json:"count,omitempty"`// will not appear in JSON if empty value Name string`json:"name"` }
Exclude The Field
This field will be skipped in either Marshal or Unmarshal.
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type Example struct { Count int`json:"-"` }
Non-Object JSON Data
The JSON is not always in object format, it can be a array, single string or
number, so to unmarshal them we need to use right golang data type:
JSON array -> golang slice
JSON string -> golang string
JSON number -> golang number
For example:
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blob := `"hello, json"` var s string if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(blob), &s); err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } fmt.Printf("\n%+v\n", s) // hello, json
Customizing Marshal/Unmarshal
This UnmarshalJSON method can be used to customize the unmarshal process, it
is from Unmarshaler interface.
In this example, we want to unmarshal a JSON string to a golang struct, the
JSON string is like:
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"{\"name\": \"peter\", \"code\": 20001, \"message\": \"peter is sick off today!\"}"
type ExampleError struct { Name string`json:"name"` Code uint`json:"code"` Message string`json:"message"` }
// Implement this func and it will work when you call json.Unmarshal func(a *ExampleError) UnmarshalJSON(b []byte) error { // b is the raw byte data // here we first unarmshal it to string to remove the `\`, the string will be // `{"name":"peter","code":20001,"message":"peter is sick off today!"}` var s string if err := json.Unmarshal(b, &s); err != nil { return err } // then we further unmarshal it to golang struct temp := struct { Name string`json:"name"` Code uint`json:"code"` Message string`json:"message"` }{} // if the b is not valid, we keep it in Message if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(s), &temp); err != nil { a.Message = s returnnil } a.Name = temp.Name a.Code = temp.Code a.Message = temp.Message returnnil }
var ee = ExampleError{} err := json.Unmarshal(<byte data>, &ee)
There is another example about customized marshal and unmarshal, redact on top
of golang json module example:
func(a *Animal) UnmarshalJSON(b []byte) error { // b is the element from the JSON array var s string if err := json.Unmarshal(b, &s); err != nil { return err } switch strings.ToLower(s) { default: *a = Unknown case"gopher": *a = Gopher case"zebra": *a = Zebra } returnnil }
func(a Animal) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) { // a is the Animal element from the golang array var s string switch a { default: s = "unknown" case Gopher: s = "gopher" case Zebra: s = "zebra" } return json.Marshal(s) }
funcmain() { animalArray := [3]Animal{Gopher, Zebra, Unknown} blob, err := json.Marshal(animalArray) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } // blob now is: // `["gopher","armadillo","zebra","unknown","gopher","bee","gopher","zebra"]`
This is tricky and useful in some cases, we want to unmarshal a string encoded
number to golang uint64, so in the struct you can use tag string, for
example:
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type Example struct { ProjectNumber uint64`json:"project_number,string"` }
From document:
The string option signals that a field is stored as JSON inside a JSON-encoded
string. It applies only to fields of string, floating point, integer, or boolean
types.
JSON Encoder/Decoder
When to use marshal/unmarshal and encoder/decoder, reference question:
Use json.Decoder if your data is coming from an io.Reader stream, or you need
to decode multiple values from a stream of data, for example the HTTP response,
this can be memory efficiency because it does not load all data into memory.
Use json.Unmarshal if you already have the JSON data in memory.
Also from JSON and Go:
Due to the ubiquity of Readers and Writers, these Encoder and Decoder types can
be used in a broad range of scenarios, such as reading and writing to HTTP
connections, WebSockets, or files.
//TODO:
[ ] read through GNS3 official tutorial
[ ] start GNS3 labs:
NAT, how does it work in larget network
The GNS3 can be ran through different ways,
check from “Help -> Setup Wizard”:
GNS3-VM, run on VM such as Vmware Fusion.
Local computer, limited number of appliances available.
Remote server and can be shared with multiple users, for example run on GCP or
another computer.
Run via GNS3-VM
NOTE: 04/01/2023 Unfortunately the GNS3-VM cannot run on Mac M2 architecutre and I
got error when booting the GNS3 VM on Vmware Fusion: “This virtual machine
cannot be powered on because it requires the X86 machine architecture, KB-84273”
NOTE: 04/01/2023 The workaround is run GNS3 on local computer, please see set
it from “Help -> Setup Wizard”.
Install Vmware Fusion
VMware Fusion is the marketing name for VMware Workstation on Mac OSX.
The GNS3 setup wizard failed at first time because I don’t have VMware installed
on my Mac to start GNS3 as the VM.
Fusion Player offers a Personal Use License, available for free with a valid
CustomerConnect account. Home users, Open Source contributors, students, and
anyone else can use Fusion Player Free for Non-Commercial activity.
Need to create Vmware account and register the Personal Use License, then the
download can be started, the Fusion version I downloaded:
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VMware Fusion 13.0.1 (for Intel-based and Apple silicon Macs) 2023-02-02 13.0.1 672.09 MB dmg
Download and Run GNS3-VM
As I will start GNS3 insdie a VM running by VMware Fusion, download the GNS3-VM
from here: